![]() Catherine the Great of Russia (1729 - 1796), was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, Russia was revitalized under her reign, growing larger and stronger than ever and becoming recognized as one of the great powers of Europe Joseph II of Austria (r. She was one of the first feminists Beethoven German composer and pianist who was instrumental (pun intended) in the transitions between Classicism and Romanticism in Western music. She challenged the teachings of Rousseau and other practices of the French Revolution that harmed women, and argued that they should not be relegated to the domestic sphere. Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft published a Vindication of the Rights of Woman, in which she demanded equal liberties and education to women. Englishtened absolutists, the most influential of which include Catherine the Great, Joseph II, and Frederick the Great, used reform to improve their subjects' lives and their power, and established good relationships with the philosophes. Enlightened Absolutism Monarchical governments in which a central absolutist administration was strengthened and rationalized at the cost of other institutions, like the aristocracy. His writings, which were mainly concerned with virtue, social bonds between men, selflessness, loyalty to a community, and rational progress, deeply influenced the French Revolution. He wrote the Social Contract outlining his ideal form of government, which involved a community where everyone contributes and has a say in the laws they create and then must obey (Direct democracy/ socialism). He questioned intellectual improvement and materialism. He believed evil came from the unequal distribution of property. Rousseau believed humans were corrupted by the process of civilization. Rousseau A pessimistic, critique of modern society, who could form few intimate relationships. He also believed separation of powers was the best approach to a balanced, effective government. He favored a monarchical government tempered by intermediary institutions like the aristocracy, the towns, and other bodies that held liberties He believed the government of a country should be determined by the situation there ![]() He published the Spirit of Laws, in which he praised the British government Montesquieu -was a lawyer, French nobleman, and member of a parliament that used humor to criticize contemporary institutions and recognized the need for reform ![]() He believed economy flourished when everyone pursued their ow selfish self interests, embraced the four-stage theory, and is regarded as the founder of the laissez faire philosophy. He argued against the mercantile system and the best economic policy was one of liberty and minimal governmental interference. ![]() Adam Smith Scottish economic philosopher that penned Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealt of Nations (1776). ![]()
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